Impact of Three-dimensional Printing in Urology: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. A Systematic Review by ESUT-YAUWP Group (European Urology)

Three-dimensional (3D) additive manufacturing profoundly impacted biomedicine. It has been used to pattern cells; replicate tissues or full organs; create surgical replicas for planning, counseling, and training; and build medical device prototypes and prosthetics, and in numerous other biomedical applications. 3D printing showed revolutionary potential for patient counseling, pre- and intraoperative surgical planning, and education in urology. Together with `patient-tailored` presurgical planning, it puts the basis for 3D-bioprinting technology. Although costs and `production times` remain the major concerns, this kind of technology represents a step forward in order to meet patients` and surgeons` expectations.