Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review (European Urology Oncology)

Biomarkers of carcinogens, several with a strong link to bladder cancer, are present in the urine of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users. Long-term implications of urothelial exposure to these toxicants are unknown but concerning, given the similarities to tobacco smoke and its established relationship with bladder cancer. Further study on the urologic safety of e-cigarettes is necessary