IJMS, Vol. 23, Pages 15362: Cucurbitacin B-, E-, and I-Induced Browning of White Adipocytes Is Promoted by the Inhibition of Phospholipase D2 (International Journal of Molecular Sciences)

The mechanism of white adipose tissue browning is not well understood; however, naturally occurring compounds are known to play a positive role. The effects of cucurbitacins B, E, and I on the browning of mature white adipocytes were investigated. First, the cell viability exhibited by cucurbitacins B, E, and I in pre- and mature adipocytes was verified. Cucurbitacins B, E, and I had no effect on cell viability in pre- and mature adipocytes at concentrations up to 300 nM. To investigate the characteristics of representative beige adipocytes, the formation and morphology of cucurbitacin B, E, and I lipid droplets were verified. The total lipid droplet surface area, maximum Feret diameter, and total Nile red staining intensity of cucurbitacin B-, E-, and I-treated adipocytes were lower than those of mature white adipocytes. Furthermore, treatment of white mature adipocytes with cucurbitacin B, E, and I led to the formation of several small lipid droplets that are readily available for energy expenditure. We evaluated the effect of cucurbitacins B, E, and I on the expression of representative browning markers UCP1, PGC1a, and PRDM16, which participate in the browning of white adipose tissue. Cucurbitacins B, E, and I increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of UCP1, PGC1a, and PRDM16 in a concentration-dependent manner. To promote energy consumption by beige adipocytes, active mitochondrial biogenesis is essential. Next, we investigated the effects of cucurbitacin B, E, and I on mitochondrial biogenesis in mature adipocytes. Mitochondrial mass increased when mature adipocytes were treated with cucurbitacin B, E, and I. The degree of cucurbitacin B-, E- and I-induced transformation of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes was in the order of Cu E > Cu B > Cu I. To verify the effect of phospholipase D2 on the browning of white adipocytes, CAY10594—a PLD2 pharmacological inhibitor, and a knockdown system were used. PLD2 inhibition and knockdown improved the expression levels of UCP1, PGC1a, and PRDM16. In addition, PLD2 inhibition and knockdown in mature white adipocytes promoted mitochondrial biosynthesis. The effect of PLD2 inhibition and knockdown on promoting browning of white adipocytes significantly increased when Cu B, Cu E, and Cu I were co-treated. These data indicate that mature white adipocytes’ beige properties were induced by cucurbitacins B, E, and I. These effects became more potent by the inhibition of PLD2. These findings provide a model for determining anti-obesity agents that induce browning and increase energy expenditure in mature white adipocytes.