Sensors, Vol. 19, Pages 2844: Visual and Thermal Image Processing for Facial Specific Landmark Detection to Infer Emotions in a Child-Robot Interaction (Sensors)

Child-Robot Interaction (CRI) has become increasingly addressed in research and applications. This work proposes a system for emotion recognition in children, recording facial images by both visual (RGB—red, green and blue) and Infrared Thermal Imaging (IRTI) cameras. For this purpose, the Viola-Jones algorithm is used on color images to detect facial regions of interest (ROIs), which are transferred to the thermal camera plane by multiplying a homography matrix obtained through the calibration process of the camera system. As a novelty, we propose to compute the error probability for each ROI located over thermal images, using a reference frame manually marked by a trained expert, in order to choose that ROI better placed according to the expert criteria. Then, this selected ROI is used to relocate the other ROIs, increasing the concordance with respect to the reference manual annotations. Afterwards, other methods for feature extraction, dimensionality reduction through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and pattern classification by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) are applied to infer emotions. The results show that our approach for ROI locations may track facial landmarks with significant low errors with respect to the traditional Viola-Jones algorithm. These ROIs have shown to be relevant for recognition of five emotions, specifically disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise, with our recognition system based on PCA and LDA achieving mean accuracy (ACC) and Kappa values of 85.75% and 81.84%, respectively. As a second stage, the proposed recognition system was trained with a dataset of thermal images, collected on 28 typically developing children, in order to infer one of five basic emotions (disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) during a child-robot interaction. The results show that our system can be integrated to a social robot to infer child emotions during a child-robot interaction.