Nutrients, Vol. 12, Pages 331: Meal Frequency and Skipping Breakfast Are Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (Nutrients)

Chronic underhydration and malnutrition can be associated with irreversible renal damage. This study investigated the association of meal frequency and breakfast skipping with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in South Korea. Participants (4370 participants from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI 2013–2014) were divided into two groups based on meal frequency: ≥ 15 or < 15 meals/week. They were further divided into four groups based on the frequency of breakfast, lunch, and dinner consumed in the previous year. The data were analyzed with complex samples logistic regression. We found that 9.6% of the participants (n = 412) had CKD, which was associated with gender, body mass index, serum fasting glucose, daily calorie intake, hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular accident. Participants consuming <15 meals/week had a higher risk of CKD than those who consumed ≥15 meals/week (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.531, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.209–1.938). Participants who rarely had breakfast showed a higher risk of CKD than those who had breakfast 5–7 times/week (adjusted OR 1.572, 95% CI 1.108–2.231). Our findings suggest that <15 meals/week or skipping breakfast is associated with a higher risk of CKD in the general South Korean population, especially for men or persons aged 42–64 years.