Remote Sensing, Vol. 13, Pages 4795: Potential Factors That Trigger the Suspension of Calcium Carbonate Sediments and Whiting in a Semi-enclosed Gulf (Remote Sensing)

Whitings, the manifestation of high levels of suspended fine-grained calcium carbonate particles in the water, have been reported and studied worldwide. However, the triggering mechanism of whiting occurrences remains uncertain. The current study attempted to analyze potential factors that might account for whiting occurrences in a semi-enclosed gulf (namely the Arabian/Persian Gulf, hereinafter called the Gulf). First, spatial and temporal variability of whiting events and different potential driving factors (i.e., whiting seasonality, wind-induced mixing, sea surface temperature, and bathymetry) were explored and examined for five years (2015–2020). Second, as a general indicator of whiting occurrences in the Gulf, a whiting index (WI) was developed using time-series analysis and decision tree (DT) classification algorithm. Third, the correlation between the proposed WI and the spatial coverage of various whiting events was examined. Time-series analysis showed that whiting events during the winter season are associated with high winds that lasted for several days. Nevertheless, whiting events were rarely observed despite high wind speed and increased potential for CaCO3 precipitation in summer. This finding suggests that wind-driven forces might be potential sources for mixing water columns, resuspension of CaCO3 particles, and the appearance of whiting in the Gulf. The DT classification algorithm demonstrated that a minimum WI value of 1.1 can explain the initiation of most summer and winter whiting events. Furthermore, a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.73 was measured between WI and the extent of whiting along the UAE and Qatar coastlines in the Gulf. The proposed WI shows a simple yet effective method for identifying and estimating the extent of whiting in the Gulf.