Remote Sensing, Vol. 14, Pages 4935: Combined Effects of the ENSO and the QBO on the Ozone Valley over the Tibetan Plateau (Remote Sensing)

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) are two major interannual variations observed in the tropics, yet the joint modulation of the ENSO and QBO on the ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in summer has not been performed. This study investigates the combined effects of the ENSO and the QBO on the interannual variations of the ozone valley over the TP using the ERA5 reanalysis data from 1979 to 2021. The results show that the ENSO leads the zonal deviation of the total column ozone (TCO*) over the TP by about 6 months. This means the TCO* in the summer of the following year is affected by the ENSO in the current year. This is consistent with the theory of recharge oscillation. In terms of dynamic conditions, the anomalous circulation resulting from the combined effect of El Niño and the easterly phase of the QBO (EQBO) lead to strengthened and upward anomalies of the South Asian high (SAH) over the TP, followed by reduced ozone valley with more negative anomalies over the TP in summer. As to thermodynamic conditions, affected by both El Niño and the EQBO, the atmospheric stability shows positive anomalies from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere, and the positive anomaly areas are larger than those in other conditions. These findings indicate an unstable atmosphere, where convection is more likely to cause ozone exchange. The turbulent mixing of ozone at low levels and high levels leads to the ozone valley over the TP, with more negative anomalies in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS).